Embarking on a journey of India's remote eight states of the North East is a tumultuous but rewarding one. Though the partition in 1947 was greatly responsible for the region's separation from rest of India, recent years have seen a deep interest in its tourist potential. The infinite variety of its geographic setting, its topography, its varied flora and fauna and avian life, the history of its people and the variety of its ethnic communities and their rich heritage of ancient traditions and lifestyles, its festivals and crafts make it a holiday wonderland that's just begging to be discovered afresh. Discovering the North East states is a challenge yet a romantic adventure in the best traditions of travel and discovery….

Connected by an infinite chain of pearly threads, intricate as a spider's web, the North Eastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura offer visitors a rare feast a kaleidoscopic fiesta that lures you with its magical richness and stunning variety. The raw natural beauty, rare orchids and butterflies, brightly painted monasteries, challenging rivers, intricately woven tribal shawls, indigenous sports…each one has its own special message to the traveler as he passes from one state to another- mesmerized by its dazzling variety and compelling appeal.

Though all of these are hilly states, they differ greatly from each other in their attractions (be it languages, dances, art forms, Tribes, crafts or culinary delights.) One can thoroughly enjoy this variety in a number of wildlife parks and sanctuaries. Vibrant colors, amazing textures and an intensity of rich imagery are the hallmark of the handicrafts of the North East. Seeking inspiration from the ancient forestlands and waters, the high mountain peaks and deep valleys and centuries old religious rituals and icons, they are enduring in the simplicity, beauty and utilitarian diversity.

The bounty of rhythm and form, color and creativity here is manifested in all its effervescence during the round of celebrations and spiritual devotions on special occasions and in ordinary life as well. The culture ethos of the ‘seven sisters’ is colored by its distinctive festivals that are a celebration of life and thanksgiving in all their richness.

Assam
Assam, the eastern most state of the Indian sub-continent, extends from 22o19' to 28o16' north Latitude and 89o42' to 96o30' east Longitude between the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas and the Patkai and Naga Ranges. The Kingdom of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh border Assam in the North and East, and along the south lie Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. Meghalaya lies to her South-West, Bengal and Bangladesh to her West. Assam is connected with the rest of the Indian Union by a narrow corridor in West Bengal that runs for 56 km below the foothills of Bhutan and Sikkim.

The population of Assam is a broad racial intermixture of Mongolian, Indo-Burmese, Indo-Iranian and Aryan origin. The hilly tracks of Assam are mostly inhabited by the tribes of Mongolian origin. This broad racial intermixture is the native of the state of Assam, called their language andthe people "Asomiya" or "Assamese".

According to the last census, the population of Assam is 22 million, 89 percent of which is rural. Assamese-speaking Hindus represent two-thirds of the state's population and indigenous Tibeto-Burman tribal groups make up another 16 percent of the total. More than 40 percent of Assam's population is thought to be of migrant origin. The term "Assamese" is often used to refer to those who are citizens of Assam. Native Assamese, Mymenshingy settlers (from Bangladesh) and tea-garden laborers are thus included in this coverage. The term can also be used to describe the indigenous or long-settled inhabitants of this northeastern state. The state has the largest number of tribes within their variety in tradition, culture, dresses, and exotic way of life. Most tribes have their own languages; some of their traditions are so unique and lively that these causes wonder to others. Boro, Kachari, Karbi, Koch-Rajbanshi, Miri, Mishimi and Rabha are also among these tribes exhibiting variety in tradition, culture, dresses, and exotic way of life. Assamese is the principal language of the state and is regarded as the lingua franca of the whole northeast India. The Assamese language is the eastern most member of the Indo-European family. Although scholars trace the history of Assamese literature to the beginning of the second millenium AD, yet an unbroken record of literary history is traceable only from the 14th century AD.

During the six hundred years of rule, the Ahom dynasty managed to keep the kingdom independent from the Mughals, the muslim invaders of India, before the British, as well as other invaders. The Mughals attacked Assam seventeen times and were repelled each time.

The state has the largest number of tribes within their variety in tradition, culture, dresses, and their own exotic way of life. Most tribes have their own dialects and unique traditions.

HISTORY
Assam was known as 'Kamarupa' or 'Pragjyotishpura' in the period of the Epics. Human inhabitation of this area dates back to about 2000 BC. The population of Assam comprises of the migrants from Burma and China. They came into Assam after the mongoloid migration. They came from Punjab through Bihar and North Bengal. Thus Assam presents a fusion of Mongol-Aryan culture. The early history of Assam is believed to be of the Varman dynasty. The reign of this dynasty extended from 400 AD to 13th century. The visit of Huien Tsang is said to have taken place during the 7th century at the time of Kumar Bhaskar Varman. The Ahoms ventured into Assam in about 1228 AD. By 15th century the kingdoms of Ahom and Koch were established. This period witnessed a sea change in all walks of life in Assam.

In the later part of the 18th century the Ahom Kingdom was weakened due to internal strife. The Burmese ran over the political authority in Assam thus invoking British intervention to subdue the Burmese. After a conflict between the Burmese and the English, the treaty of Yandaboo restored peace in 1826. The British then set out to organize the administration, transport and communication. Besides the various changes, the construction of railways, introduction of tea plantation, discovery of coal and oil etc. proved fruitful to the British during the World War II. After Independence of India, Assam witnessed several separations of territories. In 1948, NEFA (Arunachal Pradesh) was separated, in 1963 Nagaland, in 1972 Meghalaya and in 1987 Mizoram.

FESTIVAL OF ASSAM
Bihu
The primary festival of the Assamese are the three Bihus. Intricately connected to agriculture, the celebrations are secular. The first of the three Bihus is Bohag or Rongali Bihu which marks the advent of spring and the Assamese New Year, celebrated in mid April. On the eve of Rongali Bihu, the cows are ceremoniously washed with turmeric, tied with new rope and fed with vegetables like brinjals and bottle gourd. Celebrations extend over a week and include exchange of traditional hand woven gamochas (scarves), singing ,dancing and merriment.Traditional delicacies are also prepared in every household.

The Magh or Bhogali bihu is celebrated in mid-January, during which the harvest is gathered. Uruka is celebrated on the eve of Magh Bihu, in which temporary shelters (meji) are built of hay and wood to a considerable height resembling a lofty temple on the harvested paddy fields, beside which a bonfire is lit for community feasting to celebrate the harvest. The next morning, the meji is ceremoniously lit. The feasting is followed by sports throughout the day. The half-burnt sticks and ashes of the meji are strewn on the fields and at the root of the fruit trees, as they are believed to increase fertility of the soil.

The Kati or Kangali bihu is known as 'poor' bihu and held in the month of Oct-Nov coinciding with the autumnal equinox. The main function associated with this bihu is the worship of the sacred tulsi (basil) plant at the root of which earthen oil lamps are placed. For a whole month lamps are lighted at the foot of the tulsi plant. People pray for a better harvest for the coming year. 

GUWAHATI CITY
Situated on the banks of the mighty river Brahmaputra, at an altitude of 55 metersabove sea level, Guwahati is the junction of three important roads, National Highways 31, 37 and 40. It is split into two parts by the river Brahmaputra and North Guwahati. The nearest important city is Calcutta (1182 km), while the capitals of the other northeastern states are at distances varying from 110 km to 650 km. The city experiences an annual rainfall of 180 cm (from May to September). While summer temperatures range from 22 to 38C, in winters the mercury ranges from 10 to 25C. The best time to visit this cosmopolitan city is from October to April.

KAMAKHYA TEMPLE
Over the centuries, Kamrup Kamakhya has been the seat of the powerful tantrik cult in India. Situated atop the Nilachal Hill in Guwahati, it is one of the 108 Shakti Peethas of the country. Rising to a modest height of 562 feet above the mighty river Brahmaputra, the hill on which the temple stands commands a magnificent view of the entire city. Several smaller shrines and temples dedicated to Kala Bhairava, Shiva and other Hindu deities are also located in its vicinity. Legends says that Kamakhya came into existence after the female genitalia of Sati, the Great Mother Goddess, fell when Vishnu started dismembering her body to force her inconsolable husband, Shiva, into performing his divine duties again.

Legend has it that King Daksha had organized a sacrificial rite, to which he invited all the deities except Shiva. In fact, Daksha had done it deliberately to insult Shiva. Sati, being the daughter of Daksha, came uninvited. During the ceremony, Daksha began to speak ill of Shiva. Unable to bear the insults heaped on her husband, Sati immolated herself. The meditation of Shiva, who is omnipresent, was disturbed. Furious, he descended on Daksha and his kinsmen and destroyed them. With the dead body of his beloved Sati on his shoulders, he started the dance of destruction (Tandava). In his attempt to calm down Shiva and save the world from ruin, Vishnu sent forth his chakra to cut Sati's dead body. The reproductive organ of Sati, the yoni, fell at the spot where the temple of Kamakhya stands today.

When the yoni of Sati fell on the hill, where the temple stands, the hill turned blue and came to be known as Nilachal (blue mountain). Narakasur, the demon king, gave the name of the place Kamrup Kamakhya. He made Kamakhya his patron deity. Kamdev, the God of Love, with the help of the celestial architect Vishwakarma, built the original temple.

Tradition has it that once in every year, the spring waters at Kamakhya turn red and the temple remains brought from near and afar by devotees are soaked in the waters and distributed as prasad (offering).

SUALKUCHI VILLAGE
Assam produces three unique varieties of silks, the Golden Muga, the White Pat and the warmEri. Silks grown all over the state find their way to Sualkuchi.Sualkuchi is one of the world's largest weaving villages often called the Manchester of the East. The entire population here is engaged in weaving exquisite silk fabrics. A renowned center of silk production, particularly known for Muga - the golden silk of Assam, which is not, produced anywhere else in the world.

One can distinctly hear the rhythm of the shuttles of the looms as soon as one enters this craft village. Sualkuchi, the biggest village of Assam with a population of around 50,000, is situated on the north bank of the mighty Brahmaputra. Drive to Guwahati (35 kms).

HAJO VILLAGE
The town of Hajo (35 km west of Guwahati and closed to Sualkuchi) is a sacred place for Hindus, Muslims and Buddhists. The town also boasts of the Hayagriba Madhava Temple, accessible via a long stone stairway. Hajo village is renowned for their bell metal work.

NAMPHAKE (NAMPHAKIAL) VILLAGE
An exotic destination four kilometers away from Naharkatia (65 kms from Dibrugarh) town in Assam. Spread three-odd kilometers along the bank of the Dihing, a tributary of the mighty Brahmaputra, the picturesque village has an enticing old-world charm. It is the largest of the Tai-Phake villages in Assam, boasting 70 odd families, which trace their ancestry to the great Tai race. The village folk speak a dialect similar to the language in Thailand and still follow the traditional customs and dress code of the great Tai race. The hamlet is also home to the Namphake Buddhist Monastery, one of the oldest and most respected Buddhist Monasteries in Assam. The villagers live in 'chang ghars' - bamboo and wood houses built on raised platforms and are mostly engaged in agriculture.

SRI SURYA PAHAR
Sri Surya Pahar, a confluence of the three religion of Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism, is a treasure trove of ancient monuments, is situated about 12 kms. Southeast of Goalpara, 136 kms northwest of Guwahati.

In addition to being a confluence of the three religions which is evident from the innumerable sculptures , Sri Surya Pahar can also be called a garden of medicinal plants, most of which awaits identification. The hills are also abode to rare primates and local legends claim that one less than a 100000 shivalingas dotted the hills but after centuries of neglect and pilferage, not all remain. All this together makes it a favored destination for naturalists and adventure tourists, in addition to religious tourists.

Recent archeological find indicate that an ancient civilization flourished in and around Sri Surya Pahar and some scholars refer to the accounts of Chinese traveler, Huen Tsang and to the unearthed relics to claim that it was Sri Surya Pahar and not Guwahati that was the ancient land of Pragjyotishpur, capital of the Kingdom of Bhaskarbarman. The finding of the nearby archeological site of Pagletek is cited to strengthen this claim.

The name Sri Surya Pahar implies association with the cult of 'Sun worship', and with references available in the Kalika Puran that there were two seat of Sun worship in Assam, Sri Surya Pahar stands identified as one of them. A carved stone slab, housed in the Surya Temple is worshipped as Surya. Archeologists have identified this circular carvings as Prajapati, which is in an inner circle, the outer circle of which includes twelve lotus petals, each seated with a figure of Aditya, each Aditya depicting the twelve solar divinity of Dharti, Mitra, Aryaman, Rudra, Varuna, Surya, Bhaga, Vivashan, Pushan, Savitri, Tvastri and Vishnu. Other Brahmanical pantheon in Sri Surya Pahar includes the Twelve armed Vishnu, covered with a seven hooded canopy standing erect on a lotus, worshipped as Dasabhuja Durga , however some scholar argue that this is a likeness of Manasha. Other notable remains include Ganesha, Harihara, Shivalingas, Vishnupadas etc., all dated to the 9th century AD. Amongst the identified Jain figures in one of the first Tirthankara, Adinath, carved in sitting posture in the rocky ourcrop with two bulls in the base, also believed to be of the 9th century AD,

There also exist about 25 votive stupas of different sizes in the southern fringe of Sri Surya Pahar. The stupas are significant for it shows two points, . One ,that there was Buddhist influence in Kamarupa and two, much earlier then the rest of the country, because the design point to the early Hinayana stage of influence , earlier to the Mahayana and Vajrayana esotericism seen in Bihar and Bengal. Animalism, Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism all seem to have left their mark on this very sacred destination. Add to that it's scenic beauty, wildlife and a live archeological spot at Pagletak : Surya Pahar has something to offer for all.

ETHNIC GROUPS
THE THAI (OR TAI CONNECTIONS)
Throughout Asian History, ethnic politics inevitably set forth images of conflicts between indigenous peoples and the larger migrant group. One such dominant migrant ethnic group, which is found across South, Southeast Asia and China, is the Tais.
The Ahoms are an important branch of the Tai people. The Tai-Ahoms entered the Brahmaputra valley from the east (from Moung Mao in China through the Shan states of Burma) in the early part of the thirteenth century. They established a small kingdom in the easternmost corner having conquered the Morans and the Borahis, two small Mongoloid tribes of that area. By the first half of the sixteenth century, the kingdom had grown in size and number after the conquest of many indigenous communities like the Chutiya kingdom on the northeast, that of the Kacharis in the southwest and the Bhuyan chiefs in the west and northwest. In the seventeenth century, the kingdom was further enlarged by the annexation of Kamrupa - the south most part of the Assam valley.
As the Tai-Ahoms came from Muong Mao during first part of the thirteenth century, they might have brought to the Brahmaputra valley a Tai language spoken in the Muong Mao region of the present-day Dehong Dai-Jingpow Autonomous Prefecture in Yunan, China and the nearby areas inside Myanmar. Initially, it was probably advantageous for Siu-kha-pha (the first Tai migrant to the Assam Valley who later became its ruler) and his followers to keep the Tai language alive, speaking both the Tai & the Assamese languages.

THE SINGPHOS
The Singphos, a powerful tribe living in the plains and hills of Assam has a glorious story to tell. Of Mongoloid descent, folklore trace their origin to the Singra-boom hills of Tibet from where they migrated in many directions and one such group came and settled in the foothills of Upper Assam, in the Dihing Patkai region. However in the early 19th century, the invasion by the Manns and after the Sadiya Saikhowa battle, most Singphos returned to join other migratory groups in present day Myanmar and the other remaining in what is presentday Lohit and Changlang Districts of Arunachal Pradesh and in the the region covering Bisagaon, Inthem, Ketong, Khatanpani, Kotha, Ulup, Hassaek village.etc, in the Margherita Sub Division under Tinisukia District of Assam.

Arunachal Pradesh
Tucked away in the far north-east, wedged between the borders of Bhutan, Burma and Tibet, Arunachal Pradesh isIndia's newest and least-known state. Prior to attaining statehood in 1986, Arunachal Pradesh was known as the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA). Aside from a few forays by administrators and anthropologists, the area remained largely ignored by India's British rulers, and its isolation was legally safeguarded by India's own government - and before laws permitting limited tourism were passed in 1995, even Indian citizens requires Inner Line Permits.
Had it not been for thefact that the NEFA'sstrategically valuable location made it the ideal base for theallied airmen flying the treacherous Himalayan route over "The Hump" into China during World War II, this lush, lonely area might have been entirely ignored by the outside world. Even now, the frontiers of ArunachalPradesh are blocked by military checkpoints. Entry for foreign nationals to the state is only possible with a Restricted Areas Permit US $ 50 per person for maximum of ten days stay in Arunachal Pradesh, and all visitors must travel in groups of four or more.
For the first proper sense of Arunachal Pradesh's remove from the rest of India, and the rest of the world, it is necessary to travel seven hours by road from Itanagar to the hill station of Ziro or from Tezpur to Ziro or from Bomdila to Tawang. As one progress through the villages and settlements along the road, the people start looking less Indian and more South-East Asian. The drive itself is an adventure, inching steadily upwards along palm-sweating treacherous roads cut out of the sides of richly forested hills..

Ziro
While Ziro, though remote, is recognisably a 20th century city, the nearby Hong village would be a theme park vision of what mediaeval Asia might have been like - except for the Apatani tribesmen who live here, it's real life. Hong is a collection of a few dozen grey houses, built from bamboo and roofed by palm leaves. Some of the houses have one or more constructions lashed to their porches that resemble giant wooden television aerials which are, in fact, animist totems denoting the birth of a male child to the household. Hong's two squares are each dominated by much bigger versions of the same thing - at the great village festival, held every three to five years, the tradition among the young men is to steel themselves with rice wine and swing from them.
The only traffic in Hong consists of pigs, chickens, dogs and people. As is the case anywhere, it is the older people who cleave hardest to the local traditions. The men carry short swords in blunt-tipped scabbards slung around their necks, wear their hair in topknots and sport complicated, swirling facial tattoos. The women also have the permanent face-paint, but also distend their noses and ears with really quite alarmingly large wooden plugs. All these together makes a trip to Arunachal memorable.

Tawang
Tawang,10650 fts above sea level, in Arunachal Pradesh, is bordered by Tibet in the North, Bhutan in the South-West and the Se la ranges separate West Kameng district in the East.It is commonly believed that the name TAWANG was given by Mera Lama in the 17th century. The inhabitants of the districts are all of Monpa tribes except Shyo village which is dominated by people of Tibetian origin. The Monpas belong to Mongoloid stock. They are well built and fair in complexion. Their houses are built with stones and timbers. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry form the essential means of the Monpas' occupation.
Tawang is also home to the Tawang Monastery, one of the most important element in Social and Religious life of the Monpas. This Monastery, also known as "GALDEN NAMGYEL LHATSE",is one of the largest Lamaseries of the Mahayana sect in Asia. Lamseries comprise of several sections ranging near about four hundred years, devoted to Love, Learning and Purity of life. This fortified complex, dating back to the 17th century AD covers an area of 2350 sq. meters enclosed by a compound wall of 610 meter long. Within the complex there are 65 residential buildings and 10 other structures. The library have valuable old scriptures mainly Kanjur and Tanjur numbering 850 bundles.
The two major religious festivals of the Monpas, are Losar and Torgya. Both festivals are celebrated once annually. The LOSAR s celebrated to the commencement of New year. Every third year of Torgya, the festival of Dungyur is celebrated. Both Dungyur and Torgya festivals are celebrated in the premises of the Monastery with traditional gaiety and enthusiasm.

There are beautiful lakes around Tawang. Pankang Teng Tso (P.T. Tso ) lake, 17 KM away and a few 1000 fts above Tawang is a beautiful natural lake that forms when the snow melts in summer. A must see location.Other sites include Sangetser and Banggachang lake and the breathtaking Jong (Madhuri) falls. One can reach Tawang from other parts of the country via Guwahati and Tezpur in Assam. From Guwahati(Assam) or Tezpur(Assam), one has to go to Bhalukpong in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh and from there via Bomdila and Se la Pass to Tawang by road. Se la pass, at 13700 fts above sea level, incidently is the second highest motorable pass in the world.

Meghalaya
Meghalaya or 'abode of the clouds' is a source of inspiration to any poet, a dramatic canvas for an artist's dream, and the ideal retreat for people in search of beauty and solitude. Declared as a state on 21st January, 1972, Meghalaya is one of the most picturesque states of India, offering a spectrum of sylvan surroundings, rich cultural heritage, misty heights, luxurious vegetation, flora & fauna.
Carved out of the former state of Assam, Meghalaya is one of the seven sister states of the North Eastern Region, bordered by Assam in the north and Bangladesh in the south. Meghalaya is divided into five administrative districts of the Jaintia hills, East and West Garo hills and East and West Khasi hills.
Meghalaya experiences the two seasons, of winter and monsoon, and is characterized by a cool climate throughout the year. The Cherrapunjee-Mawsynram belt in the southern slopes of Khasi Hills records the heaviest rainfall in the world. Numerous rivers flow through Megahalaya, although none of them are navigable, due to rocky beds and strong currents.
Predominantly tribal, the original inhabitants of this state are Khasis, Jaintias and Garos. Khasis and Jaintias trace their ancestry to the Mongolian race, while the Garos belong to the Tibeto-Burman race. Their cultural trails and ethnic origins remain distinctive, mainly due to their geographical isolation. The Khasi language spoken here is believed to be one of the few surviving dialects of the Mon-Khmer family of languages, in India.
A common cultural tradition of all the tribes of Meghalaya is the matrilineal law of inheritance by which, custody to property and succession of family position runs through the female line, passing from the mother to the younger daughter, instead of the male line as is common elsewhere in the country.
Agriculture is the main occupation of Meghalaya, with eighty three percent of the total population, dependent on it for their livelihood. Rice and maize are the major food crops. Important fruits grown here are pineapple, orange, lemon, guava, jackfruit and bananas, while potato, jute, cotton, ginger, turmeric, betel leaf and black pepper are the chief commercial crops.

Shillong
Shillong(1496 m), the capital city has a number of beautiful sites like Shillong peak (10 km from Shillong,), at an altitude of 1965 metre, offers a dazzling view of the idyllic surroundings. Butterfly Museum (closed on Sundays) is another interesting place to visit.

BURRA BAZAR OR IDEW MARKET
Burra Bazar or Idew Market (closed on Sundays), one of the most interesting markets one can see over here. For hours one can explore the different levels and myriad alleys with shops displaying mind boggling items. To visit this market one has to walk for at least 1 kilometer as traffic in this area always remain near standstill. Walk along narrow lanes and squeeze past porters bent double under sacks of potatoes. Khasi women wearing traditional Jain Kyrshahs - an apron of chequered material worn slantwise from one shoulder over a blouse and skirt manage all the shops.
THE SACRED GROVE, Mawphlang
The tribal communities of Meghalaya in northeast India, the Khasi, Garo, and the Jaintia have a tradition of environmental conservation based on various religious beliefs, which have been passed on from one generation to the other. Based on these beliefs, certain patches of forests are designated as sacred groves under customary law and are protected from any product extraction by the community. Such forests are very rich in biological diversity and harbor many endangered plant species including rare herbs and medicinal plants. The sacred-groves, which have been preserved since time immemorial, are in sharp contrast to their surrounding grasslands. These groves are generally rimmed by a dense growth of Castanopsis kurzii trees, forming a protective hedge, which halts intrusion of Pinus kasia (Khasi pine), which dominates all areas outside the sacred groves. Inside the outer rim, the sacred groves are virtually Nature's Own Museum. The heavily covered grounds have a thick cushion of humus accumulated over the centuries. The trees in every sacred grove are heavily loaded with epiphytic growth of aroids, pipers, ferns, fern-allies and orchids. The humus-covered grounds likewise harbour myriad varieties of plant life, many of which are found nowhere else.
One of the most celebrated sacred-groves of the State is the grove at Mawphlang about 25 kilometres off Shillong. This particular grove has for long years been a reservoir of interest for eminent and internationally known botanists. The sacred-groves, which make a unique contribution to the flora and avi-fauna of the State, are undoubtedly of immense interest to all naturalists.
Cherrapunjee (1300 m) and its surroundings areas are blessed with many breathtaking views of nature in her pristine beauty with cool springs, mind soothing waves of thick green jungle foliage, gurgling mountain streams finding their way through rocks, enthralling milky white waterfalls leaping into deep gorges in a thunderous applause to the record-breaking rainfall that resounds through the valley. The pregnant monsoon clouds embrace and kiss the mountains as they swept across the plains of Bangladesh from the Bay of Bengal and are coaxed to shed their moisture to drench the mountains in a deluge to provide home to one of the most bio-diversity rich vegetation in the world. During the monsoon months it is a thrill to catch sight of nature in the prime of her beauty when the clouds lift their mantle over her for fleeting moments. Cherrapunjee has the distinction of being the wettest place on Earth, having the highest recorded rainfall, year after year. The Caves of Cherrapunjee, Mawsmai and Mawmluh, are the longest limestone caves in India, formed over 3500 years, a must go destination for cavers and adventurists.
LIVING ROOT BRIDGE, near Cherrapunjee
The lower reaches of the southern slopes of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills are humid and warm and are streaked by swift flowing rivers and mountain streams. A specie of rubber tree flourishes alongside these rivers and steams. The tree usually perches on rocks and reaching out to soil for nourishment. Thus, they have adapted themselves well to high soil erosion, caused by these fast flowing rivers and streams. The exposed roots grow strong and reach out over long distance from the tree trunk.
The early War-Khasis had noticed these qualities of these trees and had adapted it to serve their need for bridges to cross-rivers and streams. In order to direct the roots in the desired direction, they use hollowed out areca nut tree trunks. The thin and long tender roots are then passed through the hollowed out areca nut tree trunks, which are positioned as per the requirement of the proposed bridge. The roots start growing towards the directed end. When they reach the other end of the stream or river they are allowed to take root in the soil. Where required, the roots are redirected back to the side of the river or streams where the tree stands. The bridges usually have base spans numbering more than two. There are also two protective railing spans. Stones are used to fill any gaps in the base span roots. Some of these bridges have roots brought down from the tree branches joining the middle of the bridge from the top as support spans. These root bridges are so strong that some of them can carry 50 or more people at a time.
These bridges probably take 20 to 25 years to become fully functional. They keep growing in strength by the day. Perhaps their life span is 200 to 300 years after the bridges are well formed. These bridges are eloquent testimonies of man living in harmony with nature. A unique Double Decker Root Bridge in the vicinity has one deck 70 feet long and another 56 feet long. This must be the only one of its kind in the entire world.
MAWLYNNONG
Mawlynnong village, situated 90 kms ahead of Shillong, on the Shillong-Dawki Road, 30 kms from Pynursla, is a village of 75 households with a population of 400. A idyllic location, this village epitomizes a standard which all other villages need to aspire to be. Dubbed the cleanest village in India by Discover India Magazine, the primary village School till class V boasts of it's no dropout record and the village of 90 % literacy. Paved walkways and beautiful flowerbed all along mark the village, with waterfalls, a living root bridge, hilly rivulets, acacia plantation and an excellent view of the faraway plains of Bangladesh all contribute to the ambience of this village. Farming of betel nut & leaves, broomsticks and pepper along with bee rearing are the primary economic activity of these village and with the village headman himself taking the responsibility of making visitors comfortable, a day in this village gives a insight into the life of the Khasis, the influence of the Church and it's metamorphosis.
SOHPETBNENG PEAK
1,343 meter, 20 kms from Shillong, regarded as sacred by the Hynniewtrep people, is set amidst a beautiful scenic view against the backdrop of a sacredforest. This 'Navel of Heaven' as per Khasi mythology is a heavenly peak which offers to fill the spiritual void and emptiness, to those who seek and desire solace and peace of mind.

MAWSYNRAM
56 kms from Shillong and is known for the giant stalagmite formation shaped into a Shivalinga, called locally as 'Mawjymbuin'.
MAIRANG
40 kms from Shillong, capital of Nongkhlaw states. Home of the legendary U Tirot Sing Syiem (Raja of Nongkhlaw), who spear-headed a war against the British invaders to defend the territorial integrity and cultural identity of the Hynniewtrep people. He raised the battle cry on April 4, 1829, but was finally captured and died in captivity in Dhaka on July 17, 1835.
JAKREM
64 kms from Shillong, a popular health resort having hot-springs of sulphur water, believed to have curative medicinal properties.
DAWKI
96 kms from Shillong, is a border town, where one can have a glimpse of the neighbouring country of Bangladesh. The colourful annual boat race during spring at the Umgot river is an added attraction.

Ranikor
140 kms from Shillong, is a scenic spot and an angler's paradise of carp and mahseers.RCHERY STAKES
Another unique spot of Shillong is Archery Stakes. Archery stakes - a gambling sport which is held everyday (except Sundays) at 4.00 PM where some 60 odd archers assemble in a small field surrounded by ticket selling booths and small shops selling liquor. At 4.15 PM, the archers begin shooting at a target where they shoot more than thousand arrows in the next four minutes. The archers, ranging in age from boys of twelve to men of seventy plus, hunker down their hunches in a line, 15 yards away from the target. At the signal the air is thick with the "whop" of arrows whizzing like meteors across the field. The officials then count the numbers of arrows that hit the target. The target is a cylindrical reed drum about twenty inches high, mounted on a short bamboo pole. The last two number after counting is the winning lottery number. Information is passed across Meghalaya. 980 arrows on target means 80 is the winning number. The Meghalaya Government legalized the archery lottery game in 1982, but according to the local people the game is running for over 100 years. One of the smallest states of the Indian Union, Nagaland is almost unexplored, as far as tourist destinations are concerned. Located in the northeast corner of India, Nagaland has Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur on its domestic border and with Myanmar, an international boundary on the east. The main rivers that flow through Nagaland are Dhansiri, Doyang, Dikhu and Jhanji, and it,s six districts are Mokokchong, Tuensang, Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto and Kohima. A completely tribal area, set within dense jungles, the Nagas are a conglomeration of 15 tribes and many more sub tribes, of which the Ao, Angami, Lotha are the better known.

Warm and colourful Naga shawls, hand-woven shoulder bags, decorative spears, woodcarvings and bamboo works are traditional arts handed from generation to generation, with each tribe having it's own distinctive style and color schemes.They make excellent souvenirs. Sekrenyi, Moatsu, Tuluni and Tokhu Emong are some of their important festival. However, any moment of joy, be it birth, marriages or the harvest is enough for the Nagas to burst into dance.
Kohima,the capital is a typical laid back Asian mountain town, with no monuments, monastries or temples to offer by way of stock tourist attraction. However the unhurried pace of life, calm and serene environs and fresh, unpolluted air makes a welcome change for a jaded city dweller and an opportunity to soak in the rich Naga traditions. Kohima's unique attraction however is its war cemetery, still respectfully maintained by the British. A few lines about it:
In March 1944, the Japanese 31st Division marched northwest ward into Burma, swept through the Naga hills, invading India, and lay siege on Imphal and Kohima. The confident Japanese planned to press on toward the India Plains., and only Kohima lay between them.
A crucial battle ensued at Kohima where some 2,500 British Empire troops came under siege of a formidable Japanese force numbering 15,000 soldiers supported by 10,000 ammunition laden oxen. For weeks the belligerents sparred in bloody artillery duels interrupted only by hand to hand skirmishes and bayonet attacks. Finally, after 64 days, amid terrible losses on both sides, the Japanese were beaten. They withdrew from Kohima, and their dominance in northern Burma had begun to crumble.
Understandably, the determination and gallantry shown by allied troops in the Kohima was quick to become the subject of folklore,poem, song, and legend. Today in the Kohima cemetery, wherein lay these brave men, among the 1,378 grave markers, is the famous Kohima Memorial and it's historic inscription:
"When you go home
Tell them of us,
and say,
For their tomorrow, We gave our today"

MOKOKCHUNG
This picturesque town is the cultural center of the Ao tribes of Nagaland, one can have visit to Longkhum a vanguard village in the days of head hunting is situated at an altitude of 1846 metres and is 17 km from the Mokokchung town and the village command a beautiful view of the surrounding hills and valley and the Ungma village the oldest and biggest Ao village according to the legend, the early Aos settled after coming from Chungliyimti. This village is any centuries old and can be of great interest to people who have a desire to peep into Ao folklore coustom and tradition. And the Molung village has the distinction of having the first American Baptist Mission being eastablished in the Naga hill in 1872 and the earliest mission building is still intact and preserved in the village premises. An ancient leechi tree supposedly planted by Dr. E.w. Clark, the first American Missionary still exists.
 KHONOMA
Khonoma village located 20 km west of Kohima, supports a predominantly agrarian population of 3000 people. Extensive rice terrace have been carved out of the hill slopes surround the village.The village referred to as Khwunoria by the residents is estimated to be around 400 years old. The unique variety of soil and elevation of its fields have resulted in about 20 different types of rice being grown here.
Khonoma's fame comes chiefly but though not entirely through its standing as a warrior village. In the villages of Nagaland traditionally Khel was the most important plateform of governance.
The picturesque village of Khonoma offers delightful views of Nagaland's natural beauty and ecological diversity. En route look out for the memorial stones erected to commemorates Feasts of Merit, and intricate system of bamboo pipes which carry waters from long distance.
 TUOPHEMA
Tuophema located 41 km north of the state capital trace its history back as far as 1431 AD and gets its name from the Erithrina tree which is a symbol of victory to its inhabitants. This tribal village is a tourist destination with a difference in that each clan (Khel) from the village runs a traditional house, complete with modern facilities for tourist to check into. Apart from that visitors can visit the cultural museum sample locally grown organic food prepared in a traditional Naga kitchen and even hear first hand the fascinating folklore recounted by villagers.
 PHEK
Phek is the district headquarter and home of the Chakhesang ( combination of three tribes, 'Cha' of Chekru, 'Khe' of Khezhe and Sang of 'Sangtam')
The culture and Chakhesang is very different from other Nagas. Phek is famous for its colourful Tsukhenyie festival which takes place in March and April. Blythe Tragopan

Pheasants are found in abundance here as are exotic verities of orchids
 ZUNHEBOTO
The Semas live in homes strung along a cluster of hillock in Zunheboto (150 km)
The martial race among the Naga tribes is renowned for their dazzling war dance, flok songs and ceremonial war dresses. Tuluni is one of the most important festivals observed in the second week of july every year.

 MON
The Konyak Nagas are the inhabitants of this district and it is interesting to see tattooed faces wearing feather Konyaks are adept artisans and skilled craftsmen. One can have an exciting experience to pay a visit to Angh's house at Chui, Mon Tangnyu, Sheangha, Chingnyu, Wakching and Jaboka. Konyaks are ruled by hereditary chiefs known as Anghs and the institution of Anghship is only prevalent among the Konyaks. The most colourful festival of the Konyaks - "Aoling Monyu" which is observed during the first week of April every year, is a spectacle worth a watch.
Shangnyu Village: Ruled by the chief Angh, Shangnyu village is one of the prominent villages in Mon district. There is a wonderful wooden monument measuring 8 feet in height and 12 feet in breadth - believed to be constructed by heavenly angels. Carvings of human beings and other creatures are engraved on this monument. Memorial stones are also found in front of the Angh's palace
Longwa Village : One of the biggest villages in Mon district; As the village straddles on the International boundary line, one half of the Angh's house falls within the Indian Territory, whereas other half lies under Myanmarese control. The whole village is controlled by the Angh and the village Council Chairman. Another interesting feature of this village is that the Angh of the village has 60 wives and his jurisdiction extends up to Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh.
Veda Peak : The highest peak of the district is approximately 70 km east of Mon. This peak, offers a clear sight of both river Brahmaputra and Chindwin on a clear day. There is a waterfall on the precincts of this peak and this area is also considered as one of the best locations in the whole of Konyak countryside.
Wokha : The Wokha region is home to the Lotha tribe. Hilltop villages studded with monoliths (Longsu) erected by rich ancestors depiciting their high status surround it. The Lothas are known for their colorful dances and flok songs. The woman wears the 'Opvuram', the prestigious social shawl and the man the 'Longpensu'. Wokha district is reputed for its excellent oranges and pineapples.
JAPFU
Rising 3048 m high above the verdure of the valley floor, Japfu peak, 15 km south of Kohima, makes for a great trek especially from November to March.
Behind it lies the Dzukou Valley, (2462 m), watered by a meandering stream which often freezes in winter. In spring, it is rich with wild flowers and pink and white rhododendrons.
 INTANKI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Located about 37 km from Dimapur and 11 km from Kohima, Intaki Wildlife Sanctuary. Is the home of Hoolock Baboon, the only gibbon found in India.the sancturary also has a sizeable number of elephant , tiger , mithun, Sambhar, wild dog and sloth bear.

Manipur
Nestling deep within a lush green corner of North East India Manipur is 'the jeweled land' with its bounteous vistas of untrammeled beauty and ancient traditions. An oval shaped valley surrounded by stunning combination of wet forest, temperate forest and pine forest with its cascading rapids , tripping rivers, carpet of flowers, exotic blooms and lazy lakes.
It is the home of the Meitei who dominate the populace, which is an admixture of Naga and Kuki-Chin Mizo groups amongst other colorful communities which have lived for centuries in harmony.
These are the people whose folklore, myths and legends dances indigenous games and martial arts exoctic handlooms and handicrafts are invested with the mystique of nature.
The state's martial arts are recognized for their almost poetic traditions.the economic and fluid movements of the spear dance (Ta Khousarol ) and soward fight (Thang Yannaba) have a sinuous beauty. This playful, sports loving community is reputed for its indigenous version of (Sagol Kangjei) or Polo (it was the first place in India to have evolved this sports of kings), the Mukana Kangjei -(wrestling hockey) and Yubi-Lakpi, a form of rugby played with a greased coconut.
"A land where God took to dancing" Manipur also known as the land of Radha and Krishan in the best of tradition has gifted to India's classical dance repertoire her lyrical Ras Leela dance that re-enacts the love story of Radha and Krishna. Rasa leela songs and dance depict the Leelas (sports) of Lord Krishna as a child with the Gopies (Milkmaids) of Brindavan, and express their yearning for communion with the Lord. The Rasa dance is essentially lyrical and has extremely graceful movements. A spring festival 'Lai Haraoba' is also celebrated with Manipuri's graceful movements in all dance forms. Even its expressive tribal flock dances are performed with traditionally aesthetic movements.
Imphal :
Manipur's capital city. Imphal, has harmonized itself seamlessly into its beautiful natural environment. The pretty township is the very heart of the official, commercial and cultural activities of the state. Visitors can enjoy some of its special attraction before moving out of town into its great outdoors to savor Manipur culture in all its richness and variety.
Govindajee Tample :
Imphal's historic Vaishnavite centre adjoining Manipur's former Maharajas Royal palace, the Govindjee temple is one of the most attractive place for the tourist. Twin domes, a paved courtyard, and a large raised congregation hall where devotees congregate to participate in various devotional activities.
Manipur State Museum :
This interesting museum near the Polo Ground has fairly good display of Manipur's tribal heritage and collection of portraits of Manipur's former rulers. Particularly interesting items are costumes arms & ammunition, relics and historical documents.
Open 10 am to 4.30 pm daily except for Monday & holidays.

Khwairamband Bazar or Ima market :
A unque all woman's market, having 3000 or more "Imas" or mothers who run the stalls, it is split into two sections on either side of road .Vegetables, fruits , fishes and household grocieries are soldon one side and exquisite handloom and household tools on the other side.
Shaheed Minar :
The indomitable spirit of the Meitei and Tribal Martyrs, who sacrificed their lives while fighting the British in 1891, is commemorated by this tall minar at Bir Tikendrajit Park in the Heart of Imphal city.
War Cemeteries :
Commemorating the memories of the British and Indian soldiers who died during th World War -II, these cemeteries are managed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Serene and well maintained, the graves carry a little stone markers and bronze plaques recording the sacrifice of those gallant soldiers.
Khonghampat Orchidarium :
Manipur has at least 500 different varieties of orchids. The Central Khonghampat Orchidarium, just 7 km away from Imphal, offers visitors an excellent opportunity to see at least 110 species which are showcased here. The Khonghampat Orchidarium is doing exceptional work on propagating some of the rare species. Its 200 acres are host to many rare varieties of orchids, which include almost a dozen endemic species. The finest time to see these blooms is in March- April when they look their very best.

Langthabal :
Set admist stands of jackfruit and pine, Langthabal (8 km down the Indo-Mynmar road) is dotted with relics of an old, historic palace, temple of architectural importance and ceremonial houses. It is ideally located for those delightful views and a glimpse of Manipur University
Kangchup :
The health resort of Kangchup, 16 km from Imphal, offers lovely views of the Manipur valley from its lofty perch at a height of 921m
Waithou :
Close to the Waithou Lake, on the Indo -Burma road is a village famous for pineapples.
Kaina :
on the lofty hights of Kaina hills (29 km) lies a legendary temple where the famous Ras Leela dance is performed on particular days.
Khongjom :
Khongjom, 36 km on the Indo Burma road, is known for the martyrdom of Manipur's major general Paona Brajabashi in 1891. Kongjom Day is celebrated on April 23 every year.
Tengnoupal :
You can also enjoy grandstand views of the Manipur valley from Temgnoupal (69 km), the highest point on the Imphal -burma road

Moirang :
Moirang used to be the focal point of Manipur's early Meitei culture. Located 45 km from Imphal. The town has an ancient temple of the pre -Hindu, deity Lord Thangjing. Every May, men and women, dance during the during the Lai Haraoba ritual Dance festival to honor the deity.

Moirang played an Important role during India's freedom toggle. The flag of the Indian National Army (INA) was first raised at Moirang on April 14, 1944. At the Ina Museum you'll discover a host of letters , photographs, based of ranks and other memorabilia of the martyrs of the INA (head quarters here during World War II ) who fought under the dynamic leadership of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose against the Allies.
Loktak Lake :
One of the most enchanting and biggest fresh water lakes in the North East is Manipur's Loktak Lake, just 45 km from Imphal. The Sendra island tourist bunglow offers dazzling views of the lake , its rich plant and avain life and the intriguing floating weed, shallow bowl-like islands (Phumdi) and the fishermen who live on them harvesting water chestnuts. Situated in the middle of the lake , the tourist home has a café and makes an ideal lookout. Boating has been introduced along the lakes labyrinthine waterways. Also on the southern part of the lake is the world's only floating National park, the Keibul Lamjao National park, the unique habitat of the rare sangai , the brow antlered deer or the 'dancing deer'. The entire lake complex is a wildlife enthusiast's dream.

Bishnupur :
Famed for its stoneware, Bishnupur, 27 Km from Imphal on the Tiddim Road, has the brick Bishnu temple(15th century). The unusually small bricks of the temple show Chinese influence (possibly during the regin of the King Kiyamba) according to some sources.

Ukhrul :
Manipur's popular and highest hill station is Ukhrul, 83 km away. It is famous for the Siroi Lilies, which grow here in abundance. The nearby lime caves of Kangkhui are worth visiting. It is also the headquaters of the Tangkhul Nagas.